Container aquaculture mode (hereinafter referred to as "container aquaculture") innovatively adopts standard customized containers as the carrier, and effectively controls the aquaculture environment and process in the tank through the application of advanced technologies such as temperature control, water control, seedling control, material control, bacteria control and algae control, so as to realize controlled ecological circular aquaculture, There are mainly two leading modes, namely "land-based water pushing" linked with the pond and "one driving two" for full recycling.
In recent years, the National Aquatic Technology Promotion Station has organized and carried out container aquaculture experimental demonstration, which has achieved remarkable results and attracted extensive attention from all over the country. It shows a good application prospect in leading the green development of fishery, transformation and upgrading and industrial poverty alleviation. As the only technology in the fishery field, container farming technology was selected as one of the ten major leading agricultural technologies of the Ministry of agriculture and rural areas in 2018.
1、 Development significance of container farming
China is a large aquaculture country in the world. In 2017, the national aquaculture output was 47.92 million tons, accounting for more than 60% of the world's total output. However, in recent years, the central government has continued to strengthen environmental protection supervision, and many traditional aquaculture areas have been included in the ecological red line. According to statistics, the area of lakes, reservoirs, rivers and near shore cage aquaculture facing clearance is more than 3 million hectares, accounting for about 40% of the total area of aquaculture. In addition, the newly promulgated water pollution prevention and control law has further tightened the requirements for tail water discharge. According to the survey, more than 90% of traditional aquaculture ponds do not have tail water treatment facilities, so it is difficult to achieve up to standard discharge.
China's existing pond aquaculture area is about 2.93 million hectares, accounting for about 39% of the total aquaculture area. Under the new requirements of ecological and environmental protection, nearly 80% of the aquaculture area faces the risk of limiting or banning aquaculture. Therefore, innovating the technological model and accelerating the green transformation and upgrading of aquaculture has become the most urgent task. Container aquaculture is a modern aquaculture technology model independently developed by Chinese enterprises. It has the advantages of land saving and water saving, ecological environmental protection, quality and safety, intelligent standards, intensive and efficient, and provides a new technology model for China to lead the green transformation and development of aquaculture.
（1） Container aquaculture provides a new model for aquaculture to break through the resource bottleneck
Resource saving is the biggest advantage of container farming. The main performance is "four sections". Land saving, small floor area and flexible installation, which can reduce the deep excavation damage to the land. Under the same breeding output, compared with traditional breeding, it can save 75% ~ 98% of land resources; Water saving: water recycling technology is adopted to reduce water consumption. There are no problems such as clearing and drying ponds, large-scale drainage and irrigation, and wastewater discharge. Compared with traditional aquaculture, it can save 95% ~ 98% water, and provides a possible technical scheme for the expansion of aquaculture to areas with water shortage; Energy saving, one worker can take care of multiple breeding tanks, with simple fishing and low labor intensity, saving more than 50% of labor force compared with traditional pond breeding; Material saving, high-density breeding in the box, centralized and accurate feeding, reducing feed waste and improving feed utilization.
（2） Container aquaculture provides a new means to improve the quality and efficiency of aquaculture
Improving quality and efficiency is the biggest highlight of container farming. The main manifestations are "four reductions": disease reduction, the establishment of a four-level green disease prevention system, fast circulation of aquaculture water, excellent water quality, easy observation and disease prevention, and a significant reduction in the incidence of diseases; Drug reduction: container farming can greatly reduce drug use and prevent drug residue pollution due to less diseases and accurate and controllable medication links; Fat reduction, long-term top water swimming of breeding objects, low fat content, good elasticity, no earthy smell, good quality and high market recognition; For disaster reduction, the incubator can effectively resist natural disasters and extreme weather such as typhoon, flood, high temperature and cold wave, and reduce the breeding risk.
（3） Container aquaculture provides a new scheme for the ecological treatment of aquaculture tail water
Environmental friendliness is a remarkable feature of container farming. The main performance is "Four Integration". Physical water purification and ecological water purification are integrated. Through physical filtration and centralized separation technology, more than 90% of aquaculture solid feces can be separated. Through pond ecological water purification technology, ammonia nitrogen in water can be effectively reduced to achieve efficient and economic water purification. Integration of production and ecology. Container farming is planned and produced in strict accordance with the environmental and ecological carrying capacity, promoting the recycling of resources and effectively realizing ecological emission reduction. Breeding and planting are integrated. Container farming is combined with rice field comprehensive planting and breeding and fish vegetable symbiosis to turn aquaculture wastewater and fecal sewage into planting fertilizer, so as to realize planting and breeding cycle and comprehensive utilization of resources. Breeding and leisure are integrated. By transforming the aquaculture pond into an ecological water purification wetland, developing popular science education and culture, promoting the ecology, landscape and leisure of aquaculture, and realizing the beautiful ecological environment of the water area.
（4） Container aquaculture provides a new path for the industrialization of aquaculture
Intelligent standard is a remarkable feature of container farming. The main performance is "four modernizations". Large scale, container farming is a modern farming mode of large-scale and efficient production. The annual output of a single box can reach up to 3 tons, which is 20 ~ 50 times higher than that of traditional farming ponds. Standardized, modular breeding box, easy to assemble and disassemble. The breeding process is standard and controllable, which realizes fool operation and greatly reduces the labor intensity; Precision, online water quality monitoring and automatic equipment control are realized through the intelligent monitoring technology of the Internet of things, so as to realize the fine production management; Brand, through the guidance of green brand, build the aquatic product quality and safety traceability system to realize the integrated operation of production, processing and marketing.
2、 Development status of container aquaculture
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the integration and demonstration of container culture technology.
（1） Continuous optimization of technical mode
Since the invention of container farming technology, the technology has been updated rapidly, and has experienced the technical upgrading from the transformation of waste containers to standard customized containers, forming two main modes of "land-based water pushing" linked with ponds and "one driving two" for full recycling. And further integrated innovation, integrated the "Shunde mode" combined with the ecological treatment of aquaculture tail water, and realized the ecological purification of the tail water of 28 aquaculture tanks in 4 Mu ponds; "Yuanyang model" combined with comprehensive planting and breeding in rice field, container breeding feces and tail water enter the rice field as fertilizer, realizing a win-win situation of fishing and rice; The "six control" technologies of temperature control, water control, seedling control, material control, bacteria control and algae control have been innovated to realize controlled production. According to the evaluation of authoritative experts, this model is the first at home and abroad and has reached the international advanced level.
（2） The demonstration level has been continuously improved
Through project support, demonstration drive, on-site observation and technical training, the demonstration area has been expanding. In one belt, one road, more than 1300 countries are now being promoted in Guangdong, Shandong, Guizhou, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Tibet, Hubei, Guangxi, Ningxia, and Ningxia, and are applied in the 21 countries, including Egypt, the "one belt and one road". More and more varieties are suitable for breeding. More than 10 varieties such as tilapia, snakehead, gem perch, Basa, golden pomfret, mandarin fish, California perch, golden eye perch, sea perch, tiger spot, loach and Yellow River carp have been successfully raised on a large scale in different regions. The establishment of demonstration standards has been started, the standard system table of container breeding platform has been formulated, and the formulation of group standards such as general principles of container breeding technology has been started. Relevant enterprises have completed a number of enterprise standards in container manufacturing, professional feed and cleaner production, which has laid a foundation for the large-scale promotion of container containers.
（3） Comprehensive benefits gradually appear
The economic benefits are considerable. For example, the annual net profit of ophiocephalus Argus cultured in Shunde mode is 37800 yuan per mu, an increase of 72% compared with the traditional breeding pond; Significant ecological benefits, water and land saving and ecological cycle of container aquaculture, realizing ecological treatment of aquaculture tail water, providing a new solution for ecological treatment of tail water, which is conducive to promoting green transformation and upgrading of aquaculture; The social benefits can be expected. Container farming liberates the pond from production, promotes the integrated development of leisure fishery and industry, and shows a good application prospect in industrial poverty alleviation.
3、 Problems and suggestions on the development of container aquaculture
At present, container farming has a good development momentum, but there are also some problems that need to be solved urgently. First, the technical model needs to be further optimized. It is necessary to further improve system stability and reduce technical risks, especially water quality control, tail water treatment, and adaptability of different varieties in different regions. Second, industrial supporting facilities need to be further improved. The integration of production, processing and marketing needs to be strengthened, the pace of order production, processing and transformation needs to be accelerated, and the supporting new business entities, industrial talents and supporting policies need to be further improved. Third, brand publicity needs to be further strengthened. The advantages and characteristics of container farming are not fully publicized, the establishment of green brand has just started, and the market brand marketing of high quality and good price needs to be strengthened. In view of the above problems, the countermeasures and suggestions are as follows:
（1） Accelerate technology integration and maturation
Give full play to the role of China's container aquaculture technology innovation strategic alliance, build a "six in one" technology innovation platform for politics, industry, learning, research, promotion and use, select a number of key, directional and forward-looking key technology issues, carry out joint technology research, and accelerate the integrated innovation, demonstration and promotion of supporting key technologies; Actively build an interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary expert team and joint cooperation mechanism to promote the deep integration of aquaculture, genetic breeding, disease prevention and control, nutritional feed, cleaner production and other technologies; Further strengthen technical training and exchange, promote the sharing of relevant technical information and achievements, and promote the transformation, application, publicity and popularization of technical achievements.
（2） Strengthen technical standard matching
Further strengthen the research on the container standard system, accelerate the introduction of technical standards such as the general rules of container aquaculture technology, and accelerate the formulation of key indicators and technical standards in terms of efficient sewage collection, tail water ecological treatment, aquaculture varieties, disease prevention system, supporting feed, facilities and equipment. Strengthen the publicity and implementation of standards, actively advocate the standardized development under the environmental carrying capacity, and promote the large-scale, intensive and standardized container farming on a larger scale and at a higher level.
（3） Strengthen the cultivation of demonstration subjects
All localities should actively select a number of areas with foundation, advantages and enthusiasm, establish a number of high-standard container breeding demonstration bases, and strengthen experimental demonstration. Through typical driving, on-site observation, publicity and guidance, we will continue to strengthen the demonstration of container breeding technology. Through project support, cultivate a number of new business entities such as enterprises, large breeding households, cooperatives and professional service organizations interested in participating in container breeding.
（4） Strengthen green brand building
Actively publicize the green, high-quality and ecological brand of "container farming", and create a number of regional public brands and enterprise brands with container farming as the core. Guided by the green brand, establish and improve the integrated production and operation system of production, processing and consumption, quality and safety traceability system and industrial service system, innovate and establish the operation mode of the whole industrial chain, and realize brand efficiency.
（5） Strengthen industrial supporting services
Relying on the national aquatic technology promotion system, build a technology and service system related to industrialization, accelerate the cultivation of business entities in seedling supply, technical service and product marketing, and improve industrial supporting services. According to the Rural Revitalization Strategy and the requirements of green development, promote the formulation of a number of development plans for container aquaculture industry, and clarify the development objectives and regional layout. Actively strive for financial support from relevant departments to promote container farming into the catalogue of agricultural machinery subsidies and the scope of diesel subsidies.
Author: 1 Zhu zewen 2 Shu Rui 3 Xie Jun
Setting: 1. National Aquatic Technology Promotion Station
2. Guangzhou Guanxing Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd
3. Zhujiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences